Can I Use Arbitration for Property Disputes in Lagos?

Introduction

Property disputes are among the most common sources of legal conflict in Lagos.
From disagreements between developers and investors to double land sales, boundary disputes, and breach of joint venture agreements, thousands of property cases are filed in Lagos courts every year.

Yet, many of these disputes could be resolved more efficiently through arbitration — a private, flexible, and binding dispute resolution mechanism that has become a cornerstone of modern commercial practice in Lagos.

In this article, we examine whether arbitration can be used for property disputes in Lagos, the legal framework supporting it, the types of disputes suitable for arbitration, its procedures, benefits, limitations, and how you can leverage it effectively to protect your real estate investments.

1. Understanding Arbitration

Arbitration is a legally recognized alternative to court litigation where parties voluntarily submit their dispute to a neutral third party — known as an arbitrator — who renders a final and binding decision called an award.

It is part of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms designed to deliver justice faster, privately, and with expert input.
Unlike court proceedings, arbitration is confidential, efficient, and enforceable both in Nigeria and internationally.

2. Legal Framework for Arbitration in Lagos

Arbitration in Lagos is well supported by Nigerian and state laws, including:

1. Arbitration and Mediation Act, 2023 (Federal Law):
   • Replaced the previous Arbitration and Conciliation Act.
   • Provides comprehensive provisions for domestic and international arbitration.
   • Recognizes the finality and enforceability of arbitration awards.
2. Lagos State Arbitration Law, 2009:
   • Regulates arbitration proceedings within Lagos State.
   • Encourages flexibility and modern standards of arbitration.
3. Lagos Court of Arbitration (LCA):
   • An independent institution administering domestic and international arbitrations in Lagos.
4. Lagos Multi-Door Courthouse (LMDC):
   • A judicially backed ADR centre under the High Court of Lagos State that facilitates mediation and arbitration.

Together, these frameworks make Lagos the arbitration hub of Nigeria, particularly for property and commercial disputes.

3. Types of Property Disputes That Can Be Resolved Through Arbitration

Arbitration is suitable for contractual and commercial disputes related to property.
Examples include:

1. Joint Venture (JV) Disputes – between developers and landowners over profit sharing or project timelines.
2. Construction and Building Contract Disputes.
3. Breach of Real Estate Investment Agreements.
4. Property Management and Service Charge Disputes.
5. Agency or Commission Disputes.
6. Lease and Tenancy Conflicts (especially commercial leases).
7. Boundary or Development Partnership Disputes.

These disputes often involve contractual obligations rather than ownership or title — which makes them perfect for arbitration.

4. Property Matters That Cannot Be Arbitrated

Not all property disputes are suitable for arbitration.
You cannot use arbitration for matters involving:

• Ownership or title to land.
• Validity of statutory rights of occupancy.
• Criminal allegations (e.g., forgery, fraud, or trespass).
• Government revocation or acquisition.

Such matters are reserved exclusively for the High Court of Lagos State under the Land Use Act and judicial precedents.

5. Why Arbitration Is Ideal for Property Disputes in Lagos

1. Speed and Efficiency: Arbitration takes months, not years.
2. Confidentiality: Proceedings are private — ideal for high-value property investors and developers.
3. Expertise: Arbitrators can be lawyers, surveyors, or real estate experts familiar with property law.
4. Flexibility: Parties choose procedure, venue, and timing.
5. Finality: Awards are binding and enforceable.
6. Neutrality: Ideal for foreign and diaspora investors wary of court delays.

6. Arbitration Clauses in Property Agreements

To use arbitration, there must be a valid arbitration clause in your property or joint venture agreement.

Example clause:

“Any dispute, controversy, or claim arising from or related to this Agreement shall be resolved by arbitration in accordance with the Lagos State Arbitration Law. The seat of arbitration shall be Lagos, Nigeria. The proceedings shall be conducted in English and the award shall be final and binding on the parties.”

Without this clause, parties can still submit to arbitration later through a submission agreement, if both consent.

7. How Arbitration Works in Property Disputes

Step 1: Initiation

A party serves a Notice of Arbitration on the other, invoking the arbitration clause.

Step 2: Appointment of Arbitrator(s)

• Parties agree on a sole arbitrator or three-member tribunal.
• If they cannot agree, the Lagos Court of Arbitration or Lagos State High Court can appoint one.

Step 3: Preliminary Meeting

Procedural timetable, timelines, and mode of hearing (in-person or virtual) are agreed.

Step 4: Submission of Claims and Defence

Each side files:

• Statement of Claim or Defence,
• Supporting documents, and
• Witness statements.

Step 5: Hearing

The tribunal receives evidence, questions witnesses, and considers arguments.

Step 6: Award

The arbitrator delivers a written award determining liability, damages, or performance obligations.

8. Enforcing Arbitration Awards in Lagos

An arbitration award is legally binding and has the same effect as a High Court judgment.

To enforce:

1. File a Motion on Notice at the High Court of Lagos State.
2. Attach a certified copy of the award and arbitration agreement.
3. Request that the court recognize and enforce it.

Once enforced, execution (e.g., garnishee, possession, or injunction) can proceed like any judgment.

9. Challenging an Arbitration Award

Awards can be challenged in court only on narrow grounds, such as:

• Lack of jurisdiction.
• Arbitrator misconduct or bias.
• Fraud or corruption.
• Violation of public policy.

Under the Arbitration and Mediation Act 2023, the challenge must be filed within 3 months from the date of the award.

10. Institutions That Handle Arbitration in Lagos

1. Lagos Court of Arbitration (LCA):
   • Independent, modern arbitration centre with expert panels.
2. Lagos Multi-Door Courthouse (LMDC):
   • Administers court-connected and voluntary arbitrations.
3. Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) – Nigeria Branch:
   • Accredits and trains arbitrators for professional property and commercial cases.
4. Private Arbitral Panels:
   • Often used for corporate real estate and construction disputes.

11. Arbitration in Construction and Real Estate Development

In Lagos’ booming construction sector, arbitration resolves:

• Delay in completion.
• Breach of building specifications.
• Payment defaults.
• Contractor negligence.
• Defective works or material quality.

Because technical expertise is required, arbitrators often include engineers, architects, and lawyers.

12. Arbitration in Commercial Leases

High-value lease agreements — especially in business districts like Ikeja, Victoria Island, and Lekki — often contain arbitration clauses.
They help landlords and tenants resolve:

• Rent arrears,
• Service charge issues, and
• Breach of lease covenants,
  without public litigation that might damage reputation or commercial goodwill.

13. Arbitration in Joint Venture and Property Partnership Disputes

Arbitration is particularly effective in:

• Developer–Landowner partnerships (e.g., shared ownership agreements).
• Investor–Developer disagreements over profit or structure.
• Property management and funding arrangements.

These are typically contractual and therefore perfectly suited for arbitration.

14. The Role of Lawyers in Property Arbitration

Lawyers play a pivotal role in:

• Drafting enforceable arbitration clauses.
• Preparing pleadings and evidence.
• Representing parties before arbitrators.
• Enforcing or setting aside awards in court.

At Chaman Law Firm, we have handled numerous arbitration matters involving property, construction, and commercial contracts — combining legal skill with strategic dispute management.

15. Arbitration vs. Litigation

16. Cost Considerations

While arbitration fees may seem higher upfront (due to arbitrators’ fees), it often saves time and overall cost compared to prolonged court battles.
In Lagos, arbitration costs vary based on:

• Complexity,
• Number of arbitrators, and
• Institution chosen (LCA or LMDC).

17. Confidentiality in Arbitration

Arbitration is entirely private — a major advantage for:

• Corporate developers,
• High-net-worth individuals, and
• Foreign investors.

Proceedings, documents, and awards are not made public, protecting your commercial and reputational interests.

18. Arbitration and Technology in Lagos

Lagos has adopted modern digital arbitration practices such as:

• Virtual hearings through Zoom or Teams.
• Electronic document exchange.
• Digital filing at LCA and LMDC.

This has made arbitration more accessible, especially for diaspora clients who can participate remotely.

19. Arbitration for Diaspora Investors

For Nigerians abroad investing in Lagos real estate:

• Include arbitration clauses in Power of Attorney and purchase contracts.
• Ensure arbitration seat is Lagos for enforceability.
• Appoint a local lawyer to monitor and enforce awards.

This ensures your interests are protected without constant travel.

20. Case Example: Arbitration in a Lagos Real Estate Partnership

Scenario:
A foreign investor entered a joint venture with a Lagos developer to build luxury apartments. Dispute arose over profit distribution and delayed completion.

Action:
Parties invoked arbitration clause under the Lagos State Arbitration Law. A panel of three arbitrators — including a lawyer, valuer, and engineer — heard the case.

Outcome:
Award in favor of the investor, ordering refund and profit sharing. Enforcement completed within 45 days.

Lesson:
Arbitration delivers justice faster and with finality.

21. Role of the Lagos Court of Arbitration (LCA)

The LCA provides:

• Modern arbitration facilities.
• Trained arbitrators with multidisciplinary expertise.
• Transparent and efficient case management.
• Neutral venue for both domestic and international parties.

It positions Lagos as West Africa’s commercial arbitration hub.

22. How to Draft an Enforceable Arbitration Clause

• Specify seat of arbitration (Lagos).
• Define rules (LCA or UNCITRAL).
• Indicate number of arbitrators (1 or 3).
• Choose language (English).
• Include confidentiality and finality clauses.
• State that award is binding and enforceable.

23. Arbitration Under the Lagos Multi-Door Courthouse (LMDC)

The LMDC allows courts to refer pending property cases to arbitration.
Once resolved, the arbitral award is entered as a consent judgment, enforceable like any other court decision.

24. Benefits for Real Estate Developers and Corporations

• Protects project timelines.
• Avoids negative publicity.
• Encourages investor trust.
• Maintains confidentiality of proprietary data.

For large-scale real estate or construction projects, arbitration ensures disputes do not paralyze operations.

25. When Arbitration Is Not Appropriate

Arbitration is not suitable where:

• Parties never agreed to it.
• Title ownership is disputed.
• Fraud or forgery is alleged.
• Statutory authority (e.g., Governor’s Consent) is challenged.

In such cases, litigation remains the proper forum.

26. How to Enforce a Foreign Arbitration Award in Lagos

Under the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958),
foreign arbitration awards are enforceable in Lagos if:

• Properly certified,
• Based on an agreement recognized by Nigerian law, and
• Not contrary to public policy.

This gives diaspora and international investors global protection.

27. Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Omitting an arbitration clause in contracts.
2. Using vague or defective clauses.
3. Failing to define the seat of arbitration.
4. Appointing unqualified arbitrators.
5. Ignoring legal enforcement procedures.

A well-drafted clause ensures smooth enforcement.

28. Role of Chaman Law Firm

Our firm provides:

• Arbitration clause drafting for property and commercial agreements.
• Representation in arbitration hearings.
• Enforcement of arbitral awards in Lagos and abroad.
• Advisory for diaspora property investors.

We combine strong legal advocacy with technical understanding of real estate dynamics.

29. Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Can I use arbitration for a land ownership dispute?

No. Land title issues must go to the High Court. Arbitration handles contractual disputes related to land.

Q2: Is arbitration legally binding in Lagos?

Yes. It has the same legal force as a court judgment once enforced.

Q3: How long does arbitration take?

Typically between 3 and 9 months.

Q4: Can I appeal an arbitration award?

No appeal, but you may apply to set aside on limited legal grounds.

Q5: Where can I file arbitration in Lagos?

Lagos Court of Arbitration (LCA) or Lagos Multi-Door Courthouse (LMDC).

30. Conclusion

Arbitration is one of the most effective, confidential, and investor-friendly methods for resolving property disputes in Lagos.
It combines speed, privacy, and finality, ensuring that parties maintain control over their affairs while securing legally enforceable outcomes.

Whether you’re a property owner, developer, investor, or estate partner, arbitration gives you the power to resolve conflicts without the delays and public exposure of litigation.

Call to Action

Do you have a property or real estate dispute in Lagos?
Our firm offers expert arbitration and ADR legal services — helping you achieve quick, confidential, and enforceable outcomes for your property and investment matters.

Contact Us

Chaman Law Firm
115, Obafemi Awolowo Way,Allen Junction, Beside Lagos Airport Hotel,  Ikeja, Lagos
📞 0806 555 3671, 08096888818,

📧 chamanlawfirm@gmail.com
🌐 www.chamanlawfirm.com